书面表达写错句子的10种类型（下）

六、句型混乱型

有的同学对句型掌握得不牢固，对相似句型分析不透彻，用起来易于混淆，造成错句。

1. 他不可能通过考试。

误：It is impossible of him to pass the exam.[NextPage]

正：It is impossible for him to pass the exam.

析：这是一个没有区别清楚It is + adj.+ of +sb. to do sth.与It is + adj.+ for +sb. to do sth. 两句型的典型错误。如果句中的形容词与某人之间存在逻辑关系时，用of以说明其本身所具有的特点。如：It is very kind of you to say so.(可以说：You are very kind); 如果句中的形容词与某人之间不存在逻辑关系则使用for.如：It is important for us to learn English well.(不能说：We are important.)

2. 他去巴黎了。

误：He has been to Paris.

正：He has gone to Paris.

析：have been 表示某人去过某地，现在不在那里；has gone 表示某人到某地去了，现在不在这里。

3. 这是我有生以来第一次搭乘飞机。

误：This is the first time I took an airplane in my life.

正：This is the first time I have taken an airplane in my life.

析：This is the first time后面的从句应该用现在完成时，而It is time that后面的句子用一般过去时。如：该是上床睡觉的时间了。译为It’s time that we went to bed.

4. 他表示希望再到中国来访问。

误：He expressed the hope which he would come over to visit China again.

正：He expressed the hope that he would come over to visit China again.

析：误句是把同位语从句和定语从句混用。在同位语从句中，连词that不做句子成分，也无实际意义，只是用来引导同位语从句说明主句的内容。在定语从句中that或which一方面替代先行词，一方面引导从句而且必须在定语从句中充当主语或宾语等成分。

5. 我昨天晚上直到10点才做完作业。

误：It was not until 10o’clock last night when I finished my homework.

正：It was not until 10o’clock last night that I finished my homework.

析：强调句与定语从句混用。“It +be的一定形式+被强调成分+ that / who +陈述句”构成强调句结构，如果被强调的是人则用that或who，其它用that. That或who不做成分也无实际意义。而定语从句中的when替代表示时间的先行词且在定语从句中做时间状语。

6. 过了大门你就会找到动物园的入口 。

误：Go through the gate, you’ll find the entrance of the zoo.

正：Go through the gate, and you’ll find the entrance to the zoo.

正：If you go through the gate, you’ll find the entrance to the zoo.

析：误句中前后两部分无连接词，使整个句子不伦不类，既不是复合句也不是并列句。所以应该或者用if引导条件状语从句构成复合句，或者用and连结构成并列句。下面的构成也是错误的：If you go through the gate, and you’ll find the entrance to the zoo.另外，表示“…的入口”用介词to。

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七、规则硬套型

1. 站在门口的那个人是谁?

误：Who is the man who was standing at the door?

正：Who is the man that was standing at the door?

析：当先行词指人时，引导定语从句的关系代词用who或that。有的同学套用这个规则，结果写出误句。当主句中有who, which 以及指示代词that, those时，后面定语从句中的关系代词应避免与主句的同形。因此,本句中引导定语从句的关系代词应为that。

2. 你做得越早越好。

误：The more sooner you will do it, the more better it will be. 

正：The sooner you do it, the better it will be. 

析：表示“越…越…”，用比较级句型the more… the more.其中more代表形容词或副词的比较级，而不能死搬硬套。另外，此句型前半部分是比较状语从句，后一个是主句。主句是一般将来时态时，从句要用一般现在时代替将来时。

3. 我不喜欢游泳，他也是。

误：I don’t like swimming, so does he.

正：I don’t like swimming, neither / nor does he.

析：如果前面所说的是一种肯定的情况，而且这种情况也适合于后一个人，则用so+助动词+主语。如果前面所说的是一种否定的情况，则用neither / nor+助动词+主语。是根据前一句而不是后一句。此句汉语的“他也是”指“他也不喜欢”。

4. 他说他感到不舒服。我问他怎么啦。

误：He said he didn’t feel well and I asked what the matter was.

正：He said he didn’t feel well and I asked what was the matter.

析：学习宾从要注意，陈述语序记心里。而 What’s the matter? What’s wrong? 这两个句子结构都是主+系+表。其中what是句子的主语，所以在宾语从句中时，都没有语序的变化。

5. 那个老师的课枯燥无味，是不是?

误：The teacher’s class was uninteresting, was it?

正：The teacher’s class was uninteresting, wasn’t it?

正：The teacher’s class was not interesting, was it?

析：反意疑问句中，如果陈述部分用肯定，疑问部分怎用否定，同样，前否定后肯定。这里的肯定和否定是指结构上而不是意义上。如果陈述部分带有un-, im-, dis-等前缀构成的派生词，该陈述句仍作肯定处理，疑问部分应用否定形式。

6. 直到怀特先生回来，汤姆才离开。

误：It was until Mr. White came back that Tom didn’t leave.

正：It was not until Mr. White came back that Tom left.

析：强调句结构为It + be的一定形式+被强调成分+that / who…。但如果句子中含有not…until时，应该将not同until置于be后。

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八、否定模糊型

有的同学对于否定的概念模糊，不知如何否定，有时会写出不合规则或有异义的句子。

1. 我认为没有必要买大的。

误：I think it's not necessary to buy the bigger one.

正：I don’t think it is necessary to buy the bigger one.

析：有些动词如think, believe, expect, suppose, imagine, guess, fancy等的主语是第一人称单数且一般现在时，表示否定的观点应用I don’t think…，而I think… not则属于汉语式表达习惯。

2. 我们直到天全黑了才到家。

误：We arrived home until it became completely dark.

正：We didn’t arrive home until it became completely dark.

析：此汉语句子里面尽管没有否定词，但until用于肯定句时意为“直到…为止”；用于否定句时，其意为“在…以前”。因此，表示“直到…才”用not…until。

3. 如果没有受到邀请的话，我是不会去参加舞会的。

误：I’ll not go to the party unless I’m not invited.

正：I’ll not go to the party unless I’m invited.

正：I’ll not go to the party if I’m not invited.

析：unless“除非”、“如果不”，常可用if…not来替换。误句中的条件状语从句双重否定表示肯定，结果与原句意思相反。

4. 那孩子不够大不能去上学。

误：The child is not old enough not to go to school.

正：The child is not old enough to go to school.

正：The child is too young to go to school.

析：这是学生最容易写错的句子。enough to“足以、足够”。原句中“不够大不能去上学”意思是“不够上学的年龄”，故应译为not old enough to go to school。

5. 他们两个都不说英语。

误：Both of them don’t speak English.

正：Neither of them speaks English.

析：中国学生特别对于all…not 和both…not等这种部分否定结构，很容易理解成全部否定。两者全部否定用neither, 三者以上用none。

6. 开车时再小心也不过分。

误：You can be too careful in driving a car.

正：You can not be too careful in driving a car. 

析：cannot…too“无论作…也不过分”。

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九、助词遗漏型

有的同学对于某些句子结构不明了，写出来的句子会不符合句子结构或语法逻辑。

1.    他们渴望知道中国的所有事情，并问了我很多问题。

误：They eager to know everything about China and asked me lots of questions.

正：They were eager to know everything about China and asked me lots of questions.  

析：eager是形容词。形容词不能单独作谓语，应该与连系动词一起构成“系+表”结构。

    2. 别让小孩干重活。

误：Not set the boy to do heavy work.

正：Don’t set the boy to do heavy work.

析：肯定祈使句用动词原形开头，而否定祈使句则用Don’t + 动词原形。

3.    不经允许任何人不能进来。

误：No one can come in without permitted.

正：No one can come in without being permitted.

析：介词without后应用动名词，根据句义应用动名词的被动结构，即being+动词的过去分词。

4.    如果明天下雨的话，我们就不去散步了。

误：If it rain tomorrow, we would not go out for a walk.

正：If it rained / should rain / were to rain tomorrow, we would not go out for a walk.

析：与将来事实相反的虚拟语气，if条件句用动词的过去时或should+动词原形或were to + 动词原形。Should 不能省略。

5. 正在建的大楼是餐厅。

误：The building which being built is a dinning-room.

正：The building which is being built is a dinning-room.

正：The building being built is a dinning-room.

析：误句中的定语从句中缺少助动词。进行式的被动语态由be的一定形式+ being+动词的过去分词构成，或用现在分词的被动语态作定语。

6.    明年这个时候，我们就能完成任务了。

误：This time next year, we will able to finish the task.

正：This time next year, we will be able to finish the task.

析：be able to“能、能够”，将来时为will / shall+ be able to, 其中的be很容易漏掉。

十、逐字翻译型

有的同学在写作时，不考虑任何的语法规则，也不顾及任何语言环境，只是靠汉语的字面意思字字翻译。

1. 你比较喜欢什么，足球还是篮球?

误：Do you like better what, basketball or football?

正：Which do you like better, basketball or football?

析：首先，特殊疑问句应该把特殊疑问词放在句首。what和which都可作疑问代词。但what是指不知内容的“什么”，而which是指“哪一个”，一般要有两项或以上供选择的事物。根据句子的补充信息basketball or football可以判断，疑问词应用which。

2. 老板说窗子还没有修好。

误：The boss said the window had not repaired yet.

正：The boss said the window had not been repaired yet.

析：本句的谓语动词应该用被动语态，window在句子中是repair行为的对象，是它的逻辑宾语。

3. 每天起床后，我自己先穿衣服，然后再给弟弟穿衣。

误：After I get up, I dress myself, then I dress coat for my brother every day.

正：After I get up, I dress myself, then I dress my brother every day.

析：dress“给…穿衣”，后面跟人，不能跟衣服。如果按字面翻译，就会译出误句中的dress coat。

4. 他好像看过那场电影。

误：He seemed that he had seen the film.

正：It seemed that he had seen the film.

正：He seemed to have seen the film.(www.teacher168.com)

析：seem“似乎、好像”。常用于It seemed / seems that…或sb. seems / seemed to be / do…等句型中。

5. 早起早睡是好习惯。

误：Go to bed early and get up early is a good habit.

正：Going to bed early and getting up early is a good habit.

析：动词原形不能作主语，此句应用动名词作主语。

6. 他们去了一处森林，并在那儿搞了一次野餐。

误：They went to a forest, there they had a picnic.

正：They went to a forest, and there they had a picnic.

正：They went to a forest, where / in which they had a picnic.

析：此或者用where或in which 引导定语从句，或者用and连接前后并列分句。

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【请做以下练习】

1. 开始的几天，没有人知道怎样用电脑。

2. 我没听清你说的话，请你再说一遍好吗?

3. 不要回房间拿东西，否则你会被火困住。

4. 布莱克博士不是来自牛津就是来自剑桥，我记不得哪里了。

5. 医生已经做了他能做的来帮助病人。

6. 虽然他很小，但是他懂得很多。

7. 他觉得学好英语很困难。

8. 你还有别的想说的事情吗?

9. 她专心致志于帮助残疾人。

10. 我们祝贺他赢得比赛。

11. 我们非常开心，结果忘了时间。

12. 他口袋里至多有五元钱。

13. 他就是这样的人，把工作推给别人。

14. 他下星期将让人把收音机修理一下。

15. 闪光的东西不一定都是金子。

16. 你应该到那所学校去任教，因为那儿仅有两位老师。

17. 那个可怜的老人没有房子住。

18. 我们老师跟他谈话，要求他不要再迟到。

19. 快点，我们只剩下五分钟了。

20. 不是你的学生就是布朗先生知道了这个秘密。

【参考答案】

1. For the first few days, nobody knew how to use the computer.

2. I didn’t catch you. Would you please repeat it / say it again?

3. Don’t go back to your room to collect your things, or you’ll be trapped by the fire. / If you go back to your room to collect your things, you’ll be trapped by the fire.

4. Dr. Black comes from either Oxford or Cambridge. I can’t remember which.

5. The doctor has done what he could to help the patient.

6. Although he is very young, he knows much.

7. He finds it difficult to learn English very well.

8. Is there anything else that you want to say?

9. She devoted every effort to helping the disabled people.

10. We congratulated him on winning the game.

11. We had such a good time that we forgot the time.

12. He has no more than five yuan in his pocket.

13. It’s like him to leave the work to others.

14. He is going to have his radio repaired next week.

15. All that glitters is not gold.(www.yygrammar.com)

16. You should go to teach at that school because there are no more than two teachers there.

17. The poor old man has no room to live in.(www.yywords.com)

18. Our teacher is talking to him now, asking him not / never to be late again.

19. Hurry up! We have only five minutes left. (www.nmet168.com)

20. Either your students or Mr. Brown knows the secret.