非谓语动词的语态及用法

■湖南  郭群英

一、不定式的被动语态

不定式的被动语态由“to be+过去分词”构成，其用法与不定式的主动形式相似，只是表示被动意义。如：

To be attacked by the enemy is not a bad thing, but a good thing. 被敌人反对是好事，不是坏事。(作主语)

He asked to be kept informed about developments. 他要求随时向他报告发展情况。(作宾语)

The points to be discussed can be brought under three main headings. 所论各点可以归为三个主要方面。(作定语)

He knocked at the window to be let in. 他敲敲窗户要进来。(作状语)

The case was too heavy to be carried by a child. 箱子太重了，孩子搬不动。(作状语)

The medicine is to be taken three times a day, preferably before meals. 这药一天吃三次，最好饭前吃。(作表语)

He said that he wished it to be published in its present form. 他说他希望以其现有的形式出版。(作宾语补足语)

【几点说明】

1. 有时不定式用完成被动式。如：

No harm seems to have been done. 似乎没有造成损失。

2. be going to后接被动结构。如：

The meeting is going to be put off. 会议将要延期。

3. ought to后接被动结构。如：

Such activities ought to be prohibited. 这种活动应当禁止。

4. has to, have to, had to后接被动结构。如：

He broke his leg during the match and had to be carried off. 他在比赛中撞断了腿而被抬走。

5. be about (due) to后接被动结构。如：

The work is about to be finished. 这工作即将完成。

二、现在分词的被动语态

现在分词的被动语态由“being+过去分词”构成，其用法与现在分词的主动形式相似，只是表示被动意义。如：

I saw him being taken away by the police. 我看到他正被警察带走。(作宾补)

The building being repaired is our library. 正在维修的那座楼是我们的图书馆。(作定语)

Being written in haste, the composition is full of mistakes. 这篇文章仓卒写就，故错误百出。(作状语)

【说明】有时现在分词用完成被动式。如：

Having been invited to speak, I’ll start making preparations tomorrow. 因为邀请我去讲话，我明天就得做准备。

三、动名词的被动语态

动名词的被动语态由“being+过去分词”构成，其用法与动名词的主动形式相似，只是表示被动意义。如：

Being lost can be a terrifying experience. 迷路可能是一种很可怕的经历。(作主语)

He dyed his beard to avoid being recognized.  他染了胡子，以免我们认出他。(作宾语)

【说明】有时动名词用完成被动式。如：

The safe showed no signs of having been touched. 保险箱没有被人动过的痕迹。

四、过去分词没有被动式

过去分词没有被动形式，因为它本身就可以表示被动意义。如：

Cars parked illegally will be removed. 非法停的车要被拉走。(作定语)

Her job was to take care of the wounded soldier. 她的工作就是照料这个伤员。(作定语)

Never touch an electric wire when it is broken. 绝不要动断了的电线。(作表语)

In came the first runner, closely followed by the second. 第一位赛跑者进来了，紧跟着第二位也进来了。(作状语)

I couldn’t make myself heard above the noise. 我的声音被喧闹声淹没了。(作宾语补足语)

I don’t speak good French, but I can make myself understood. 我说不好法语，但我能使别人听懂我的话。(作宾语补足语)

【说明】与不定式、现在分词、动名词均有完成被动式不同，过去分词不仅没有被动式（因为过去分词本身可表示被动），而且也没有完成式（因为过去分词本身可表示完成）。